Teixeira ended an 0-for-17 stretch when he led off the seventh inning with a double between center fielder Willy Taveras and second baseman Chris Burke, who collided but remained in the game.
After Kevin Mench was intentionally walked with one out, Ian Kinsler singled and Brad Wilkerson had a bases-loaded walk to drive in Teixeira for a 2-1 lead.
Padilla (7-5) allowed four hits in eight innings, with five strikeouts. Akinori Otsuka got his 16th save. Kinsler homered for the Rangers, coming off a 1-5 road trip. Mark DeRosa and Michael Young doubled in the eighth for another run.
The Astros are 1-6 on this road trip and have lost four straight. They scored for the first time in three games and have one run in their last 29 innings.
Oswalt (6-4) allowed three runs and nine hits in his first complete game this season.
Teixeira was hitless in his previous four games and was 0-for-2 Friday before his hit leading off the seventh. The only time he went five games without a hit was in April 2003, when he was 0-for-15 to start his career.
Taveras was coming in and made a sliding attempt on Teixeira
